Step-by-step method
- Always check units, prefixes and order of magnitude.
- Calculate gain and output for inverting or non-inverting operational-amplifier stages.
- Compare the result with temperature, tolerances and real conditions.
Op-amp gain
Calculate gain and output for inverting or non-inverting operational-amplifier stages.
Calculate
Gain
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Ideal output
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Estimated output
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State
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Mistakes to avoid
- Always check units, prefixes and order of magnitude.
- Do not use an ideal result without margin or a datasheet check.
- Compare the result with temperature, tolerances and real conditions.
Component selection
Check supply range, output swing, GBW and stability in the selected op amp datasheet.
Worked example
With Rg 10 kΩ, Rf 90 kΩ and Vin 0.1 V, the non-inverting stage ideally produces 1 V.
Limits and safety
The model excludes bandwidth, slew rate, offset, noise, bias current and common-mode limits.
Technical sources
Do not use an ideal result without margin or a datasheet check.